Integrating biosorption and machine learning for efficient remazol red removal by algae-bacteria co-culture and comparative analysis of predicted models.

This research investigates into the efficacy of algae and algae-bacteria symbiosis (ABS) in efficiently decolorizing Remazol Red 5B, a prevalent dye pollutant. The investigation encompasses an exploration of the biosorption isotherm and kinetics governing the dye removal process. Additionally, various machine learning models are employed to predict the efficiency of dye removal within a co-culture system. The results demonstrate that both Desmodesmus abundans and a composite of Desmodesmus abundans and Rhodococcus pyridinivorans exhibit significant dye removal percentages of 75 ± 1% and 78 ± 1%, respectively, after 40 min. The biosorption isotherm analysis reveals a significant interaction between the adsorbate and the biosorbent, and it indicates that the Temkin model best matches the experimental data. Moreover, the Langmuir model indicates a relatively high biosorption capacity, further highlighting the potential of the algae-bacteria composite as an efficient adsorbent. Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Regression, and Artificial Neural Networks are evaluated for predicting dye removal efficiency. The Random Forest model emerges as the most accurate, exhibiting an R2 value of 0.98, while Support Vector Regression and Artificial Neural Networks also demonstrate robust predictive capabilities. This study contributes to the advancement of sustainable dye removal strategies and encourages future exploration of hybrid approaches to further enhance predictive accuracy and efficiency in wastewater treatment processes.

Algal carbohydrate polymers: Catalytic innovations for sustainable development.

Algal polysaccharides, harnessed for their catalytic potential, embody a compelling narrative in sustainable chemistry. This review explores the complex domains of algal carbohydrate-based catalysis, revealing its diverse trajectory. Starting with algal polysaccharide synthesis and characterization methods as catalysts, the investigation includes sophisticated techniques like NMR spectroscopy that provide deep insights into the structural variety of these materials. Algal polysaccharides undergo various preparation and modification techniques to enhance their catalytic activity such as immobilization. Homogeneous catalysis, revealing its significance in practical applications like crafting organic compounds and facilitating chemical transformations. Recent studies showcase how algal-derived catalysts prove to be remarkably versatile, showcasing their ability to customise reactions for specific substances. Heterogeneous catalysis, it highlights the significance of immobilization techniques, playing a central role in ensuring stability and the ability to reuse catalysts. The practical applications of heterogeneous algal catalysts in converting biomass and breaking down contaminants, supported by real-life case studies, emphasize their effectiveness. In sustainable chemistry, algal polysaccharides emerge as compelling catalysts, offering a unique intersection of eco-friendliness, structural diversity, and versatile catalytic properties. Tackling challenges such as dealing with complex structural variations, ensuring the stability of the catalyst, and addressing economic considerations calls for out-of-the-box and inventive solutions. Embracing the circular economy mindset not only assures sustainable catalyst design but also promotes efficient recycling practices. The use of algal carbohydrates in catalysis stands out as a source of optimism, paving the way for a future where chemistry aligns seamlessly with nature, guiding us toward a sustainable, eco-friendly, and thriving tomorrow. This review encapsulates-structural insights, catalytic applications, challenges, and future perspectives-invoking a call for collective commitment to catalyze a sustainable scientific revolution.

Anticipatory anxiety and participation in cancer screening. A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize current evidence on the association between anticipatory anxiety, defined as apprehension-specific negative affect that may be experienced when exposed to potential threat or uncertainty, and cancer screening to better inform strategies to maximize participation rates. METHODS: Searches related to cancer screening and anxiety were conducted in seven electronic databases (APA PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL), with potentially eligible papers screened in Covidence. Data extraction was conducted independently by multiple authors. Barriers to cancer screening for any type of cancer and relationships tested between anticipatory anxiety and cancer screening and intention were categorized and compared according to the form and target of anxiety and cancer types. RESULTS: A total of 74 articles (nparticipants  = 119,990) were included, reporting 103 relationships tested between anticipatory anxiety and cancer screening and 13 instances where anticipatory anxiety was reported as a barrier to screening. Anticipatory anxiety related to a possible cancer diagnosis was often associated with increased screening, while general anxiety showed no consistent relationship. Negative relationships were often found between anxiety about the screening procedure and cancer screening. CONCLUSION: Anticipatory anxiety about a cancer diagnosis may promote screening participation, whereas a fear of the screening procedure could be a barrier. Public health messaging and primary prevention practitioners should acknowledge the appropriate risk of cancer, while engendering screening confidence and highlighting the safety and comfort of screening tests.

A review on cutinases enzyme in degradation of microplastics.

From the surface of the earth to the depths of the ocean, microplastics are a hazard for both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Due to their small size and vast expanse, they can further integrate into living things. The fate of microplastics in the environment depends upon the biotic components such as microorganisms which have potential enzymes to degrade the microplastics. As a result, scientists are interested in using microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and others to remediate microplastic. These microorganisms release the cutinase enzyme, which is associated with the enzymatic breakdown of microplastics and plastic films. Yet, numerous varieties of microplastics exist in the environment and their contaminants act as a significant challenge in degrading microplastics. The review discusses the cutinases enzyme degradation strategies and potential answers to deal with existing and newly generated microplastic waste - polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), polyurethanes (PU), and polybutylene succinate (PBS), along with their degradation pathways. The potential of cutinase enzymes from various microorganisms can effectively act to remediate the global problem of microplastic pollution.

Harnessing the potential of microalgae-bacteria interaction for eco-friendly wastewater treatment: A review on new strategies involving machine learning and artificial intelligence.

In the pursuit of effective wastewater treatment and biomass generation, the symbiotic relationship between microalgae and bacteria emerges as a promising avenue. This analysis delves into recent advancements concerning the utilization of microalgae-bacteria consortia for wastewater treatment and biomass production. It examines multiple facets of this symbiosis, encompassing the judicious selection of suitable strains, optimal culture conditions, appropriate media, and operational parameters. Moreover, the exploration extends to contrasting closed and open bioreactor systems for fostering microalgae-bacteria consortia, elucidating the inherent merits and constraints of each methodology. Notably, the untapped potential of co-cultivation with diverse microorganisms, including yeast, fungi, and various microalgae species, to augment biomass output. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) stand out as transformative catalysts. By addressing intricate challenges in wastewater treatment and microalgae-bacteria symbiosis, AI and ML foster innovative technological solutions. These cutting-edge technologies play a pivotal role in optimizing wastewater treatment processes, enhancing biomass yield, and facilitating real-time monitoring. The synergistic integration of AI and ML instills a novel dimension, propelling the fields towards sustainable solutions. As AI and ML become integral tools in wastewater treatment and symbiotic microorganism cultivation, novel strategies emerge that harness their potential to overcome intricate challenges and revolutionize the domain.

A guide to navigating administrative data linkage for research.

Data linkage brings together information from various sources, including routinely collected administrative data or data from different research studies, to create a new, richer dataset. It provides insights into complex relationships between health and outcomes and evidence pathways to good health. However, when considering data linkage, there are several processes and practicality aspects that need to be explored. Some of these include understanding the costs, complexity of linkage, data storage requirements, required applications, and time lags. Taking these practicalities into consideration will lead to a more efficient process for data linkage.

Hospital-service use in the last year of life by patients aged ⩾60 years who died of heart failure or cardiomyopathy: A retrospective linked data study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding patterns of health care use in the last year of life is critical in health services planning. AIM: To describe hospital-based service and palliative care use in hospital in the year preceding death for patients who died of heart failure or cardiomyopathy in Queensland from 2008 to 2018 and had at least one hospitalisation in the year preceding death. DESIGN: A retrospective data linkage study was conducted using administrative health data relating to hospitalisations, emergency department visits and deaths. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants included were those aged ⩾60 years, had a hospitalisation in their last year of life and died of heart failure or cardiomyopathy in Queensland, Australia. RESULTS: Of the 4697 participants, there were 25,583 hospital admissions. Three quarters (n = 3420, 73%) of participants were aged ⩾80 years and over half died in hospital (n = 2886, 61%). The median number of hospital admissions in the last year of life was 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 2-5). The care type was recorded as 'acute' for 89% (n = 22,729) of hospital admissions, and few (n = 853, 3%) hospital admissions had a care type recorded as 'palliative.' Of the 4697 participants, 3458 had emergency department visit(s), presenting 10,330 times collectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, patients who died of heart failure or cardiomyopathy were predominantly aged ⩾80 years and over half died in hospital. These patients experienced repeat acute hospitalisations in the year preceding death. Improving timely access to palliative care services in the outpatient or community setting is needed for patients with heart failure.

Prospects of chitinase in sustainable farming and modern biotechnology: an update on recent progress and challenges.

Chitinases are multifunctional biocatalysts for the pest control and useful in modern biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Chemical-based fungicides and insecticides have caused more severe effects on environment and human health. Many pathogenic fungal species and insects became resistant to the chemical pesticides. The resistant fungi emerged as a multidrug resistant also and less susceptible insects are not possible to control adequately. Chitinases have an immense potential to be exploited as a biopesticide against fungi and insects. The direct use of chitinase in liquid formulation or whole microbial enzyme producing cells, both act as antagonistically against the pests. Chitinase can disintegrate the fungal cell wall and insect integument that holds the chitin as a vital structural component. Moreover, chitinase is applied for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides. Chitinase producing microbes have the huge potential to utilize against the waste management of sea food remains like shells of crustaceans. Chitinase is valuable for the synthesis of protoplasts from industrially important fungi, further it act as the biocontrol agent of malaria and dengue fever causing larvae of mosquitoes. Chitinases also have been successfully used in wine and single cell protein producing industries. Present review is illustrating the updated information on the state of the art of different applications of chitinases in agriculture and biotechnology industry. It also bestows the understanding to the readers about the areas of extensively studied and the field where there is still much left to be done.

Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/ml (Toujeo) versus insulin glargine 100 U/ml in type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of glargine-U100 (Lantus/Gla-100) with glargine-U300 (Toujeo/Gla-300) in adult patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search on Gla-300/Gla-100 in diabetes management was conducted using the MEDLINE/Embase/Cochrane databases from inception to 10 January 2021. Eligible studies considered for inclusion were parallel-design, randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. The random-effects model was applied for interpretation of the results. RESULTS: Of 5348 records screened, 592 were assessed for eligibility and 15 RCTs were considered for data extraction and meta-analysis (T2D [N = 10; n = 7082]; T1D [N = 5; n = 2222]). In patients with T1D, all safety parameters were comparable between Gla-100 and Gla-300. In T2D, statistically significant differences were observed in favour of Gla-300 over Gla-100 for nocturnal and total hypoglycaemia. For efficacy parameters, a statistically and clinically significant difference favouring Gla-100 in basal insulin dose requirement was observed for both T2D and T1D. Change in HbA1c showed a statistically but not clinically significant reduction with Gla-100 compared with Gla-300 in T1D. Statistically significant but clinically less relevant differences favoured Gla-300 for control of body weight in T1D and T2D and Gla-100 for fasting blood glucose in T2D. CONCLUSIONS: Gla-100 and Gla-300 had comparable efficacy and safety profiles in both T1D and T2D populations. Gla-300 showed a lower risk of nocturnal and total hypoglycaemia, significant in insulin-experienced/exposed patients with T2D. Patients on Gla-300 required significantly more units of insulin daily than the Gla-100 group to achieve equivalent efficacy.

Laccase mediated delignification of wasted and non-food agricultural biomass: Recent developments and challenges.

Utilization of microbial laccases is considered as the cleaner and target specific biocatalytic mechanism for the recovery of cellulose and hemicelluloses from nonfood and wasted agricultural, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). The extent of lignin removal by laccase depends on the biochemical composition of biomass and the redox potential (E0) of the biocatalyst. Intensive research efforts are going on all over the world for the recognition of appropriate and easily available agricultural lignocellulosic feedstocks to exploit maximally for the production of value-added bioproducts and biofuels. In such circumstances, laccase can play a major role as a leading biocatalyst and potent substitute for chemical based deconstruction of the lignocellulosic materials. The limited commercialization of laccase at an industrial scale has been feasible due to its full working efficiency mostly expressed in the presence of cost intensive redox mediators only. Although, recently there are some reports that came on the mediator free biocatalysis of enzyme but still not considerably explored and neither understood in depth. The present review will address the various research gaps and shortcomings that acted as the big hurdles before the complete exploitation of laccases at an industrial scale. Further, this article also reveals insights on different microbial laccases and their diverse functional environmental conditions that affect the deconstruction process of LCB.

Xylopentose production from crop residue employing xylanase enzyme.

To produce xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from the agriculture waste, which included, green coconut and vegetable cocktail. The two pretreatment - hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HP-AC) and sodium hypochlorite-sodium hydroxide (SH-SH) - were used for this study. The optimal conditions for the pretreatment were 80 °C, 4.0 % NaClO, and 2 h, followed by 0.08 % NaOH, 55 °C, and 1 h. Further enzymatic hydrolysis of green coconut (GC) and vegetable cocktail (VC) were performed and found in case of GC, the best outcomes were observed. Different types of XOS were obtained from the treated biomass whereas a single type of XOS xylo-pentose was obtained in high quantity (96.44 % and 93.09 % from CG and VC respectively) with the production of other XOS < 2 %. This study presents a reasonably secure and economical method for turning secondary crop residue into XOS and fermentable sugars.

An alternative approach towards nitrification and bioremediation of wastewater from aquaponics using biofilm-based bioreactors: A review.

Aquaponics combines the advantages of aquaculture and hydroponics as it suits the urban environment where a lack of agricultural land and water resources is observed. It is an ecologically sound system that completely reuses its system waste as plant fertilizer. It offers sustainable water savings, making it a supreme technology for food production. The two major processes that hold the system together are nitrification and denitrification. The remains of fish in form of ammonia reach the bio filters where it is converted into nitrite and further into nitrate in presence of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Nitrate eventually is taken up by the plants. However, even after the uptake from the flow stream, the effluent contains remaining ammonium and nitrates, which cannot be directly released into the environment. In this review it is suggested how integrating the biofilm-based bioreactors in addition to aquaculture and hydroponics eliminates the possibility of remains of total ammonia nitrogen [TAN] contents, leading to bioremediation of effluent water from the system. Effluent water after releasing from a bioreactor can be reused in an aquaculture system, conditions provided in these bioreactors promote the growth of required bacteria and encourages the mutual development of plants and fishes and eventually leading to bioremediation of wastewater from aquaponics.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic equivalence of Biocon's biosimilar insulin N with US-licensed Humulin® N formulation in healthy subjects: Results from the RHINE-2 (Recombinant Human INsulin Equivalence-2) study.

AIM: To establish the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) equivalence of proposed biosimilar Insulin N (Biocon's Insulin-N; Biocon Biologics Ltd., Bangalore, India) and US-licensed Humulin® N (Humulin-N; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA) in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a phase-1, single-centre, double-blind, randomized, three-period, six-sequence, partially replicated, crossover, 24-h euglycaemic clamp study. Overall, 90 healthy subjects were randomized, of whom 85 completed the study. The subjects received either two single doses of Biocon's Insulin-N and a single dose of Humulin-N or two single doses of Humulin-N and a single dose of Biocon's Insulin-N subcutaneously at a dose of 0.4 IU/kg. The primary PK endpoints were the area under the insulin concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUCins.0-24h ) and the maximum insulin concentration (Cins.max ). The primary PD endpoints were the area under the glucose infusion rate (GIR) curve from 0 to 24 h (AUCGIR.0-24h ) and the maximum GIR (GIRmax ). RESULTS: Biocon's Insulin-N was found to be equivalent to Humulin-N for the primary PK (geometric 90% confidence interval for the least squares mean ratio: AUCins.0-24h , 100.98%-115.66% and Cins.max , 95.91%-110.16%) and PD endpoints (intra-subject variability ≥0.294; 95% upper confidence interval [(µT - µR)2 - θσ2 WR] <0; point estimates of geometric least squares mean ratio: AUCGIR.0-24h , 104.61% and GIRmax , 100.81%). The safety profile of Biocon's Insulin-N was similar to that of Humulin-N, and no serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: PK and PD equivalence was shown between Biocon's Insulin-N and Humulin-N in healthy subjects, and both treatments were well tolerated and considered safe.

Phytoremediation of radioactive elements, possibilities and challenges: special focus on agricultural aspects.

The radioactive contamination has been reported frequently from agricultural lands and ground water. The main reason behind the radioactive pollution is unprotected mining of radioactive elements, unsafe discard of nuclear industrial waste, military applications, dumping of medically used radioisotopes, globally situated (>400) nuclear power plants and use of phosphate fertilizers in farming. Radionuclides are well known potent carcinogens that may cause the various types of cancers to human and animals due to the long exposure to radioactive contaminated sites. To get rid of from the radioactive pollution there is a need of practically successful and cost effective bioremediation technologies that should able to decontaminate the effected lands and water to benefit the mankind. Microbial and phytoremediation are well studied methods for decreasing or gradually eliminating the radioactive contaminants. In this review, we discussed the different strategies of microbial and phytoremediation of radionuclides and recent advancements, that can play the major role in bioremediation of soil and water.

Different remediation technologies based on physical (precipitation, extraction and membrane separation technologies) and chemical (chemical extraction and leaching, hydrolysis, etc.) methods to remediate the radioactive compounds from soils and water are being developed and evaluated. Most of these technologies are cost intensive and only applicable to little contaminated sites. On the other hand phytoremediation and microbial bioremediation are scientifically proven for applying at large scale and economical. Phytoremediation is one of the bioengineering treatments in which terrestrial and aquatic plants have been successfully used for cleaning the radioactive pollutants from diverse environments. Present review article is a updating the recent developments came in the different bioremediation methods. Moreover aim of this manuscript is also emerging the research gaps and identified the future research frontiers to unlock the complexity of phyto and microbial remediation advancements. Although several plants and numerous bacteria and fungi have been identified as the potential radioactive accumulator but their complete mechanism of bioremediation is still unknown. Present article will help the researchers to understand the process of bioremediation of radionuclides in more depths and will aware about the requirements of the coming future.HighlightsPhyto and microbial bioremediation of radioactive elements, possibilities and challenges.Causes of radioactive contamination in soil and water.Nanophytoremediation is an advanced technology of phytoremediation.Drawbacks of phytoremediation.

Laccase-assisted degradation of emerging recalcitrant compounds - A review.

The main objective of this review is to provide up to date, brief, irrefutable, organized data on the conducted experiments on a range of emerging recalcitrant compounds such as Diclofenac (DCF), Chlorophenols (CPs), tetracycline (TCs), Triclosan (TCS), Bisphenol A (BPA) and Carbamazepine (CBZ). These compounds were selected from the categories of pharmaceutical contaminants (PCs), endocrine disruptors (EDs) and personal care products (PCPs) on the basis of their toxicity and concentration retained in the environment. In this context, detailed mechanism of laccase mediated degradation has been conversed that laccase assisted degradation occurs by one electron oxidation involving redox potential as underlying element of the process. Further, converging towards biotechnology, laccase immobilization increased removal efficiency, storage and reusability through various experimentally conducted studies. Laccase is being considered noteworthy as mediators facilitate laccase in oxidation of non-phenolic compounds and thereby increasing its substrate range which is being discussed in further in the review. The laccase assisted degradation mechanism of each compound has been elucidated but further studies to undercover proper degradation mechanisms needs to be performed.

Thermophilic Geobacillus WSUCF1 Secretome for Saccharification of Ammonia Fiber Expansion and Extractive Ammonia Pretreated Corn Stover.

A thermophilic Geobacillus bacterial strain, WSUCF1 contains different carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) capable of hydrolyzing hemicellulose in lignocellulosic biomass. We used proteomic, genomic, and bioinformatic tools, and genomic data to analyze the relative abundance of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and lignin modifying enzymes present in the secretomes. Results showed that CAZyme profiles of secretomes varied based on the substrate type and complexity, composition, and pretreatment conditions. The enzyme activity of secretomes also changed depending on the substrate used. The secretomes were used in combination with commercial and purified enzymes to carry out saccharification of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover and extractive ammonia (EA)-pretreated corn stover. When WSUCF1 bacterial secretome produced at different conditions was combined with a small percentage of commercial enzymes, we observed efficient saccharification of EA-CS, and the results were comparable to using a commercial enzyme cocktail (87% glucan and 70% xylan conversion). It also opens the possibility of producing CAZymes in a biorefinery using inexpensive substrates, such as AFEX-pretreated corn stover and Avicel, and eliminates expensive enzyme processing steps that are used in enzyme manufacturing. Implementing in-house enzyme production is expected to significantly reduce the cost of enzymes and biofuel processing cost.

The eco-friendly approach of cocktail enzyme in agricultural waste treatment: A comprehensive review.

Agricultural development over the past decade has majorly contributed to the world's bioeconomy, but is the rise in agricultural activities just resulting in the best? Farming, food processing, livestock handling and other agro-based actions show an incremental rise in environmental deterioration by generating millions of tonnes of organic and inorganic solid waste across the globe. Incautious waste handling practices (incineration and landfilling) is resulting in greenhouse gas emissions, land pollution, groundwater contamination, soil erosion and chronic health hazards. Lately the concept of bioconversion has gained importance in valorising agro-waste (lignocellulosic biomasses) into value added products like biofuels, biogas, single cell proteins and biochar to effectively control waste and reduce the dependency on non-renewable feedstocks (fossil fuels). Biomass hydrolysis via enzymes is improved in terms of cost, efficiency, catalysis, stability and specificity by enrolling the use of enzyme cocktails to synergistically degrade lignocellulose into monomeric sugars and further into valued products. Enzyme blends like that of Xylanase + Pectinase + Cellulase shows 76.5% fermentation within 30 h by using banana peel as substrate for biofuel production. Other sectors like paper industries have also explored the use of enzyme blends of Xylanase + Pectinase + α-amylase + Protease+ lipase for bio-bleaching showing reduction in 50% chemical usage and 19.5% kappa number with adjacent increase in tensile strength by 23.55%. The scope of the present review is to highlight the technicalities of the concepts mentioned above, include qualitative data from different relatable studies and prove how the use of enzyme cocktails is an eco-friendly approach towards agro-waste management.

Efficacious bioconversion of waste walnut shells to xylotetrose and xylopentose by free xylanase (Xy) and MOF immobilized xylanase (Xy-Cu-BTC).

This study uses a cost effective and efficient method for production of higher DP (degree of polymerization) Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from xylan extracted from the waste walnut shells. Copper based metal organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) was prepared for immobilization of free xylanase (Xy) enzyme by green synthesis method. Both free and immobilized xylanase (Xy-Cu-BTC) were able to cause the bioconversion of xylan (87.4% yield) into XOS. Predominant production of xylotetrose (X4) and xylopentose (X5) was observed for both the methods. Percentage XOS conversion for free enzyme (Xy) was found to be 4.1% X4 and 60.57% X5 whereas these values increased in case of immobilized system where 11.8% X4 and 64.2% X5 were produced. Xylose production was minute in case of immobilized xylanase 0.88% which makes it a better method for XOS production free from xylose interference. Xy-Cu-BTC MOF can hence be used as an attractive alternative for pure XOS production.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic equivalence of Biocon's biosimilar Insulin 70/30 with US-licensed HUMULIN® 70/30 formulation in healthy subjects: Results from the RHINE-3 (Recombinant Human INsulin Equivalence-3) study.

AIM: To establish the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) equivalence of proposed biosimilar insulin 70/30 (Biocon's Insulin-70/30) and HUMULIN® 70/30 (HUMULIN-70/30; Eli Lilly and Company, IN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this phase 1, automated euglycaemic glucose clamp study, 78 healthy subjects were randomized (1:1) to receive a single dose of 0.4 IU/kg of Biocon's Insulin-70/30 and HUMULIN-70/30. Plasma insulin concentrations and glucose infusion rates (GIRs) were assessed over 24 hours. Primary PK endpoints were area under the insulin concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours - AUCins.0-24h - and maximum insulin concentration - Cins.max . Primary PD endpoints were area under the GIR time curve from 0 to 24 hours - AUCGIR.0-24h - and maximum GIR - GIRmax . RESULTS: Equivalence was shown between Biocon's Insulin-70/30 and HUMULIN-70/30 for the primary PK/PD endpoints. The 90% confidence intervals of the treatment ratios were entirely within the acceptance range of 80.00%-125.00%. The secondary PK/PD profiles were also comparable. There were no clinically relevant differences in the safety profiles of the two treatments and no serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: PK/PD equivalence was demonstrated between Biocon's Insulin-70/30 and HUMULIN-70/30 in healthy subjects. Treatment with Biocon's Insulin-70/30 and HUMULIN-70/30 was well tolerated.